The Problem with Legacy Ecosystems

by Maxwell Wessel, Aaron Levie, and Robert Siegel

AS AUTOMATION AND DIGITIZATION transform the economy, well-resourced incumbents in industry after industry are losing out to upstarts. Traditional retailers that have entered the e-commerce space appear no match for digital-native Amazon. Electric-vehicle sales at the world’s most storied automotive companies consistently trail Tesla’s. And even after substantial investments in technology, no taxicab consortium has been able to fend off Uber’s attack.

Why is it that so few of the powerhouses of the 20th century are leaders in the new data-driven world?

The three of us have been exploring that question in a course called “The Industrialist’s Dilemma” that we ...

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