
Systems change over time 59
information- flow diagrams that are used in Chapter 7 to describe serial,
parallel, and hybrid organizations of cognitive processes. The dierence this
time is that many of the elements can be roped together, and the little boxes
in Figure 7.7 can be complex processes involving people and machines.
The flow charts, fault trees, and Petri nets that is considered in Chapter 11
are the next closest approximations of a model that is viable for simulations.
At the earliest stage in the thinking Forrester (1961) introduced a system
simulation strategy called system dynamics, not to be confused with NDS,
which featured the ...