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Task and Its Complexity
Assessment
Gregory Z. Bedny, Waldemar Karwowski, and Inna S. Bedny
INTRODUCTION
A famous Polish scientist, Tadeusz Kotarbinski (1965), developed praxiology as a philosophical
framework. Praxiology is the study of human actions in terms of their efciency. An action in
praxiology is dened as intentional, goal-directed behavior, which is specic to a human beings.
German action theory denes an action as follows: “Action is goal-oriented behavior that is orga-
nized in a specic way by goals, information integration, plans, and feedback and can be regulated
consciously or via routines” (Frese and Zapf 1994). German action ...