389Effects of Learned Helplessness and Message Framing
for the models including positive emotions and, negative emotions. Thus, in the following analyses,
the eight empirical models have been tested. Structural equation models, including positive emo-
tions are presented in Figure 34.4a, and negative emotions in Figure 34.4b.
Figure 34.4 presents cause-effect relationships for the helpless or the control participants for pos-
itively or negatively framed ads, separately for the model including positive emotions (Figure 34.4a)
and the model including negative emotions (Figure 34.4b). Path coefcients are indicated above the
arrows, and signicant paths are bolded. The chi-square test (χ
2
) is used as a measure of t.
State anxiety and trait anxiety ...