
Immune System Modelling and Simulation
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F igure 4. (Artist: Valentina Celada) A ‘paleohistory’ of the immune system: arthropods
and molluscs of today exhibit the oldest kind of defence, non-specifi c, cellular and
humoral that dates back 800 to 900 million years, and has allowed multicellular life to
populate the primitive bouillon de culture. About 500 to 600 ...