Inorganic Battery Materials

Na-Ion Batteries: Positive Electrode Materials

Elizabeth H. Driscoll, Laura L. Driscoll and Peter R. Slater

University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

1. 1 Introduction
2. 2 Layered Transition Metal Oxides (NMO₂; M = Transition Metal)
3. 3 Fluoride Systems (NMF₃)
4. 4 Polyanion Systems
5. 5 Prussian Blue/White Materials
6. 6 Conclusions
7. 7 Related Article
8. 8 Abbreviations and Acronyms
9. 9 References

1 Introduction

The major technological advances witnessed in the portable electronics industry and in the electrification of transport over recent decades can be attributed to the discovery and the successive commercialization of Li‐ion batteries. Although Li‐ion batteries are likely to maintain their dominant market share in such applications in the near future, future supply risks for lithium as a resource pose a threat, particularly with the forecasted rapid expansion in Li‐ion battery use needed for worldwide targets for zero emission cars. In particular, easily accessible reserves have been estimated to run out within the century, with additional potential supply issues present due to over 90% of resources being found in just four countries. A further application that will add more strain on resources is the use of batteries for the storage of renewable energy in large‐scale grid storage applications. Thus, efforts to find an alternative to Li have seen an increased interest in Na‐ion batteries. This interest has been driven by the high natural abundance of Na globally and the intercalation chemistry ...