Technical Appendix to “Some Topics”
Present Value (PV)
Ci = cash flow at end of year
y = discount rate
M = years to flow’s maturity (i.e., time to last payment)
PV(1, H) = present value of flows received from first through the Hth year (the “present” value is taken here as of the beginning of the first year, or equivalently, as of the end of the 0th year).

For the special case of a level annuity,
Ci = C
and,

Reinvested Future Value (RFV) at Horizon H
RFV(1,H) ≡ accumulated reinvested value from payments in years 1 through year H (after the