Chapter 42. Pneumatic Instrumentation
E.H. Higham, W.L. Mostia Jr. and PE
42.1. Basic Characteristics
The early evolution of process control was centered on the petroleum and chemical industries, where the process materials gave rise to hazardous environments and therefore the measuring and control systems had to be intrinsically safe. Pneumatic systems were particularly suitable in this connection, and, once the flapper/nozzle system and its associated pneumatic amplifier (customarily called relay) had been developed for the detection of small movements, sensors to measure temperature, flow, pressure, level, and density were devised. These were followed by pneumatic mechanisms to implement the control functions whilst air cylinders or diaphragm ...
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