book

Intelligent Network Video, 2nd Edition

by Fredrik Nilsson, Communications Axis

December 2016

Intermediate to advanced

388 pages

13h 43m

English

CRC Press

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1.1 VCR-based analog CCTV systems1.2 DVR-based analog CCTV systems1.3 Network DVR-based analog CCTV systems1.4 Video encoder-based network video systems1.4.1 Network video recorders and hybrid DVRs1.5 Network camera-based network video systems
2.1 Where is network video used?2.2 Network camera2.2.1 Comparing a network camera and an analog camera2.3 Video encoder2.4 Network2.5 Server and storage2.6 Video management software2.7 Intelligent video

3.1 Network camera components3.2 Types of network cameras3.2.1 Fixed cameras3.2.2 Fixed dome cameras3.2.3 PTZ cameras3.2.4 Panoramic cameras3.2.5 Covert cameras3.2.6 Thermal cameras3.3 PTZ cameras3.3.1 Image stabilization3.3.2 Presets and guard tours3.3.3 Privacy masking3.3.4 E-flip3.3.5 Auto-flip3.3.6 PTZ performance3.3.7 Joystick control3.4 Panoramic network cameras3.4.1 Selecting the right viewing angle3.4.2 Cameras with wide viewing angles3.4.3 180° panoramic cameras3.4.4 360° panoramic cameras3.4.5 Multisensor panoramic cameras3.4.6 Comparing and combining panoramic and PTZ cameras3.5 Onboard cameras3.6 Day-and-night network cameras3.6.1 IR illuminators3.6.2 Day-and-night applications3.7 Megapixel network cameras3.7.1 Benefits of megapixel3.7.2 Megapixel applications3.7.3 Drawbacks of megapixel3.8 Best practices
4.1 Light4.1.1 Light characteristics4.1.2 Illuminance4.1.2.1 Definition of lux4.1.2.2 Lux rating of network cameras4.1.2.3 Lux rating of analog versus network cameras4.1.3 Color temperature4.1.4 Invisible light4.2 Lenses4.2.1 Lens types4.2.1.1 IR-coated lenses4.2.2 Lens mount standards4.2.3 Field of view (focal length)4.2.4 Matching lens and sensor4.2.5 Aperture (iris diameter)4.2.6 Types of iris control4.2.7 F-number (f-stop)4.2.8 Depth of field4.2.9 Focusing4.2.10 Lens quality4.2.11 HDTV and megapixel lenses4.3 Image sensors4.3.1 Color filtering4.3.2 CMOS and CCD technologies4.3.2.1 CMOS technology4.3.3 More about image sensors4.3.4 HDTV and megapixel sensors4.4 Image scanning techniques4.4.1 Interlaced scanning4.4.2 Deinterlacing techniques4.4.3 Progressive scanning4.5 Image processing4.5.1 Exposure4.5.2 Backlight compensation4.5.3 WDR4.5.3.1 Measuring dynamic range4.5.3.2 Types of WDR4.5.4 Bayer demosaicing4.5.5 Noise4.5.6 White balance4.5.7 Sharpening and contrast4.5.8 Aliasing4.6 Resolution4.6.1 NTSC and PAL resolutions4.6.2 VGA resolutions4.6.3 MPEG resolutions4.6.4 Megapixel resolutions4.6.5 HDTV resolutions4.6.6 Ultra-HD resolutions4.6.7 Aspect ratios4.7 Best practices
5.1 How thermal imaging works5.1.1 Electromagnetic spectrum5.1.2 Near-infrared imaging5.1.3 Using thermal radiation to create images5.2 Components of a thermal camera5.2.1 Sensors5.2.1.1 Cooled sensors5.2.1.2 Uncooled sensors5.2.2 Sensor resolutions5.2.3 Lenses for thermal cameras5.2.3.1 Calculation of focal length5.2.4 Thermal enclosures5.3 Presentation of thermal images5.3.1 Temperature alarm cameras5.4 Determining detection range5.4.1 Nomograph5.4.2 Environmental considerations5.4.2.1 Absorption5.4.2.2 Scattering5.5 Integrating thermal cameras with intelligent video5.6 Export regulations for thermal technologies5.7 Best practices
6.1 Basics of compression6.1.1 Image and video compression6.1.2 Lossless and lossy compression6.1.3 Block transform6.1.4 Prediction6.1.5 Latency6.1.6 Jitter6.1.7 Compression ratio6.2 Compression standards6.2.1 ITU and ISO6.2.2 History of compression formats6.3 Compression formats6.3.1 JPEG6.3.2 Motion JPEG6.3.3 JPEG 20006.3.4 Motion JPEG 20006.3.5 H.261 and H.2636.3.6 MPEG-16.3.7 MPEG-26.3.8 MPEG-46.3.9 H.2646.3.10 H.2656.4 More on JPEG compression6.5 More on MPEG compression6.5.1 Frame types6.5.2 Group of pictures6.5.3 Constant, maximum, and variable bitrates6.5.4 Profile@Level6.5.5 Baseline and main profiles6.5.6 Improving H.264 for surveillance needs6.5.7 Licensing6.5.8 Backward compatibility6.6 Comparing standards6.7 Best practices
7.1 Audio modes7.1.1 Simplex7.1.2 Half duplex7.1.3 Full duplex7.2 Audio equipment7.2.1 Audio input (microphones)7.2.1.1 Condenser microphones7.2.1.2 Electret condenser microphones7.2.1.3 Dynamic microphones7.2.1.4 Directional microphones7.2.2 Audio output (speakers)7.3 Acoustical adjustments7.3.1 Volume and gain7.3.2 Audio processing7.3.3 Echo cancelation7.3.4 Noise reduction7.4 Audio detection alarm7.5 Audio compression7.5.1 Sampling rates7.5.2 Bitrate7.5.3 Software audio codecs7.5.3.1 AAC-LC7.5.3.2 G.711 PCM7.5.3.3 G.726 ADPCM7.5.3.4 G.722.2 or AMR-WB7.6 Audio and video synchronization7.7 The future of audio in network video7.8 Other audio devices in network video systems7.8.1 Network speakers7.8.2 Network door station7.8.3 SIP7.9 Best practices
8.1 The components of a video encoder8.2 Stand-alone video encoders8.3 Rack-mounted video encoders8.4 Video encoders with PTZ cameras8.5 Video decoder8.6 Best practices
9.1 Evolution of Ethernet9.1.1 10 Mbit/s Ethernet9.1.2 Fast Ethernet9.1.3 Gigabit Ethernet9.1.4 10 Gigabit Ethernet9.1.5 Future of Ethernet9.2 Network topologies9.3 Network cabling9.3.1 Twisted-pair cables and RJ459.3.2 Cable categories9.3.3 Twisted-pair cable types9.3.4 Fiber cable types9.3.4.1 Fiber connectors9.4 Basics of Ethernet9.4.1 Media access control addresses9.4.2 Frames9.4.3 Half duplex and full duplex9.5 Networking equipment9.5.1 Hubs9.5.2 Switches9.5.3 Routers9.5.4 Firewalls9.5.5 Bridges9.5.6 Internet connections9.6 Power over Ethernet9.6.1 802.3af and 802.3at standards9.6.2 Midspans and splitters9.7 Virtual local area networks9.8 Best practices
10.1 Basics of wireless networks10.1.1 Wireless spectrum10.1.2 Signal strength10.1.3 Antennas10.1.4 Radio wave propagation10.2 Wireless network architectures10.2.1 Point-to-point network10.2.2 Point-to-multipoint network10.2.3 Mesh network10.3 802.11 WLAN standards10.3.1 802.11b extension10.3.2 802.11a extension10.3.3 802.11g extension10.3.4 802.11n extension10.3.5 802.11ac extension10.3.6 802.11s extension10.4 Basics of 802.11 networks10.4.1 Infrastructure network10.4.2 802.11 frequencies10.4.3 Channels10.5 WLAN security10.5.1 Wired equivalent privacy10.5.2 Temporal key integrity protocol10.5.3 Advanced encryption standard10.5.4 Preshared key10.5.5 802.1X10.5.6 WiFi Protected Access®10.6 Other wireless solutions10.6.1 Bluetooth®10.6.2 Universal mobile telecommunications system10.6.3 Wireless interoperability for microwave access10.7 Performance of wireless networks10.8 Best practices
11.1 OSI reference model11.1.1 Layer 1: The physical layer11.1.2 Layer 2: The data-link layer11.1.3 Layer 3: The network layer11.1.4 Layer 4: The transport layer11.1.5 Layer 5: The session layer11.1.6 Layer 6: The presentation layer11.1.7 Layer 7: The application layer11.2 TCP/IP reference model11.2.1 Internet protocol11.2.2 IPv4 addresses11.2.3 Subnets11.2.4 Network address translation11.2.5 Services and port numbers11.2.6 Port forwarding11.2.7 IPv611.2.7.1 IPv6 addresses11.3 Managing IP addresses11.3.1 Setting IP addresses11.3.2 Manual address allocation11.3.2.1 Dynamic address allocation11.3.3 Configuration-free networking11.3.3.1 UPnP® and Zeroconf11.3.3.2 Bonjour®11.3.3.3 MAC and IP address resolution11.3.3.4 Address resolution protocol11.3.4 Domain name system11.3.4.1 Dynamic DNS11.4 Data transport11.4.1 User datagram protocol11.4.2 Transmission control protocol11.5 Application layer protocols11.5.1 Hypertext transfer protocol11.5.2 File transfer protocol11.5.3 Simple network management protocol11.5.4 Simple mail transfer protocol11.5.5 Real-time transport protocol11.5.6 Session initiation protocol11.6 Unicast, broadcast, and multicast11.7 Quality of service11.7.1 Definition11.7.2 QoS in network video11.8 Network security11.8.1 Username and password authentication11.8.2 IP filtering11.8.3 802.1X11.8.4 Virtual Private Network11.8.5 Hypertext transfer protocol secure11.9 Best practices for network security11.9.1 Hardening guides11.9.2 Best practices
12.1 Servers12.1.1 Hardware platforms12.1.2 Operating systems12.1.3 Video file systems12.2 Hard disks12.2.1 Small computer system interface12.2.2 Advanced technology attachment and serial advanced technology attachment interfaces12.2.3 Hard disk failure rates12.2.4 Solid-state drives12.3 Storage architecture12.3.1 Edge storage12.3.2 Single-server storage12.3.3 Network-attached storage12.3.4 Storage area network12.3.5 Internet small computer system interface12.4 Redundancy12.4.1 Redundant array of independent disks systems12.4.2 Data replication12.4.3 Tape backup12.4.4 Server clustering12.4.5 Multiple servers12.5 Best practices
13.1 Video management architectures13.1.1 Server-based video management13.1.1.1 PC server with VMS software13.1.1.2 Network video recorder13.1.2 Edge-based video management13.1.3 Cloud-based video management13.2 Other aspects of video management architecture13.2.1 Open vs. vendor-specific software13.2.2 Protocols and application programming interfaces13.2.3 Apps for smartphones and tablets13.2.4 Scalability of video management software13.2.5 Licensing of video management software13.3 System features13.3.1 Recording13.3.1.1 Video recording13.3.1.2 Audio recording13.3.1.3 Recording and storage13.3.1.4 Search options13.3.1.5 Exporting files13.3.2 Viewing13.3.2.1 Live viewing13.3.2.2 Viewing of recordings13.3.2.3 Multistreaming13.3.2.4 Mapping functionality13.3.3 Event management13.3.3.1 Edge-based event handling13.3.3.2 Responses13.3.3.3 Video motion detection13.3.3.4 I/O ports13.3.3.5 Event log files13.3.4 Administration and management features13.3.4.1 Managing cameras13.3.4.2 Time synchronization13.3.4.3 Security13.3.4.4 Audit log files13.4 Integrated systems13.4.1 Application programming interface13.4.2 Point of sale13.4.3 Physical access control13.4.4 Building management13.4.5 Industrial control systems13.4.6 Radio-frequency identification13.5 Best practices
14.1 Principles of hosted video14.2 Stakeholders of hosted video14.2.1 Video hosting provider14.2.2 Video service provider14.2.3 Installer14.2.4 Video service subscriber14.3 Setting up hosted video14.4 Characteristics of hosted video14.4.1 Different needs, different services14.4.1.1 Basic video surveillance14.4.1.2 Alarm monitoring14.4.1.3 Business intelligence14.5 Data security14.5.1 Audits, laws, and certifications14.5.1.1 Standards for Attestation Engagements14.5.1.2 ISO/IEC 27001 standard14.5.1.3 Federal Information Security Management Act14.5.1.4 European Union Agency for Network and Information Security14.6 Integration with other systems14.6.1 Integration with central station automation14.6.2 Integration with physical access control14.7 Best practices
15.1 What is intelligent video?15.2 Genesis of intelligent video15.3 Why intelligent video?15.3.1 Streamlining video surveillance operations15.3.2 Managing stored video effectively15.3.3 Improving business operations15.4 Intelligent video architectures15.4.1 Centralized systems15.4.1.1 DVR-based installations15.4.1.2 PC server-based installations15.4.2 Distributed systems15.4.2.1 Intelligence-at-the-edge installations15.4.3 Integrating intelligent video applications15.5 APIs and standards15.5.1 Metadata15.6 Best practices
16.1 Categorizing video analytics16.1.1 Categorizing video analytics by technology16.1.1.1 Pixels, blobs, and objects16.1.2 Categorizing video analytics by use16.2 Analytics for security16.2.1 Video motion detection16.2.1.1 Evolution of VMD16.2.1.2 Tuning of VMD parameters16.2.2 Camera tampering detection16.2.3 Object tracking16.2.3.1 Crossline detection16.2.3.2 Intrusion detection16.2.3.3 Object left behind16.2.3.4 Loitering detection16.2.4 Fire and smoke detection16.3 Analytics for business intelligence and operations16.3.1 Object classification16.3.2 Object and people counting16.3.2.1 Customer traffic monitoring16.3.2.2 Queue management16.3.2.3 Tailgating16.3.3 Dwell time and heat mapping16.3.4 Traffic management16.3.4.1 Incident detection16.4 Hybrid analytics16.4.1 Autotracking16.4.2 Autotracking using PTZ16.4.2.1 Gatekeeper16.4.3 License plate recognition16.4.4 Facial recognition16.5 Video analytics and privacy16.5.1 Sound identification16.6 Realistic expectations on video analytics16.7 Best practices16.7.1 Video image quality16.7.2 Efficient intelligent video algorithms16.7.3 Computer processing power16.7.4 Configuring and fine-tuning the system
17.1 Selecting a network camera17.1.1 Types of camera17.1.2 Image quality17.1.3 Resolution17.1.3.1 Determining the resolution needed17.1.4 Compression17.1.5 Networking functionality17.1.6 Other functionalities17.1.7 Vendor17.2 Installing a network camera17.2.1 Surveillance objective17.2.2 Use plenty of light or add light if needed17.2.2.1 Use IR light when white light is impracticable17.2.3 Avoid direct sunlight and glare17.2.4 Avoid backlight17.2.5 Lens selection17.3 Protecting a network camera17.3.1 Camera enclosures in general17.3.2 Transparent coverings17.3.2.1 Overcoming the limitations of conventional domes17.3.3 Positioning of fixed cameras17.3.4 Environmental protection17.3.5 Vandal and tampering protection17.3.5.1 Goals of vandal protection17.3.5.2 Mechanical design17.3.5.3 Mounting17.3.5.4 Camera placement17.3.5.5 Intelligent video protecting cameras17.3.6 Mounting types17.3.6.1 Ceiling mounts17.3.6.2 Wall mounts17.3.6.3 Pole mounts17.3.6.4 Parapet mounts17.3.6.5 Special mounts17.3.7 EMC17.3.7.1 EMC standards17.3.7.2 Emission17.3.7.3 Immunity17.3.7.4 Choosing between shielded and unshielded network cables17.3.8 Safety of electrical equipment17.3.9 Environmental ratings17.3.9.1 IP ratings17.3.9.2 NEMA ratings17.3.9.3 IK ratings17.3.9.4 IECEx and ATEX certifications17.4 Storage and server considerations17.4.1 Small system: From 1 to 10 cameras17.4.2 Midsize system: From 10 to 100 cameras17.4.3 Large system: From 100 to 1000+ cameras17.4.4 Federated systems17.4.5 Provisioning the server17.4.6 Calculating storage17.4.6.1 Calculating storage needs17.5 Provisioning network bandwidth17.5.1 Limiting the bandwidth17.5.2 Network and system latency17.5.3 Network cabling17.5.3.1 Tips for better network cabling17.5.3.2 Preparing the network cable17.5.3.3 Certifying the cable installation17.6 Tools for designing systems17.6.1 Calculators and component selection tools17.6.2 Comprehensive system design tools17.6.3 Extensions for CAD software17.6.3.1 SketchUp®17.6.3.2 Revit®17.6.3.3 Visio®17.7 Legal aspects

Overview

Continuing in the tradition of the bestselling first edition, this book examines networked surveillance video solutions. It provides the latest details on industry hardware, software, and networking capabilities of the latest cameras and DVRs. It addresses in full detail updated specifications on MPEG-4 and other digital video formats, resolution advantages of analog v. digital, intelligent video capabilities, frame rate control, and indoor/outdoor installations factors. New chapters include cloud computing, standards, and thermal cameras.