Competitive advantage is strengthened through the presence of ecient backward and forward linkages.
A firm’s suppliers and other related industries lead to spillover eects that translate into global com-
petitiveness. For instance, Switzerland’s success in pharmaceuticals is linked to its prior knowledge and
leadership in the technologically-related dye industry. Similarly, the leadership of the United States in
personal computers and other electronically advanced products is based on its technological leadership
in the semi-conductor industry. The emergence of the software industry ...
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