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the Tang Dynasty (618–907), the area was formally designated as Hebei for the first time. e
Yuan Dynasty divided China into provinces, but did not establish Hebei as a province. Rather, the
area was directly administrated by the Secretariat at capital Dadu. In the Ming Dynasty, Hebei
was directly ruled by the imperial capital, Beijing. When the Manchu Qing Dynasty came to
power in 1644, Hebei was again directly ruled. e founding of the People’s Republic of China in
1949 witnessed several changes: the region around Chengde and the region around Zhangjiakou
were merged into Hebei, extending its borders northward beyond the Great ...