
36 ◾ IP Communications and Services for NGN
2003, 802.16a was approved, which addressed systems operating in the spectrum
between the 2 GHz and 11 GHz frequency bands. It was limited to LOS operations
to the base station. en, IEEE 802.16a-2004 addressed only fixed systems. IEEE
802.16e adds mobility components to the standard. It was closely followed by the
IEEE 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) technology, which was
approved by the IEEE Standards Board on December 11, 2002. Its aim was to pre-
pare a formal specification for a packet-based air interface designed for multimedia
IP-based services [46, 47]. Table 1.9 summarizes 8