
218 ◾ IP Communications and Services for NGN
From Tables 11.4 and Table 11.5, the modified kernel has reduced handoff delay
although the delay figures are unacceptable for real-time multimedia communica-
tions. For example, a delay of 420 ms is likely to result in echo if other delays in the
network add to it. is could lead to packets being dropped or played back with
significant delays, and hence render the playback unsuitable for listening. Nakajima
et al. [7] showed that by integrating MIPL MIPv6 in the network for SIP mobility,
they observed that the handoff delay for signaling is about 2 ms and the handoff
delay for media UDP packet is les