Knowledge Production Modes between Science and Applications 2

1Socially Responsible Research (SRR)

The implementation of scientific advances in our social practices without us being truly attentive to their impact on our values and representations, or at least with the feeling of powerlessness to control the inevitable process.

(Hirsch 2021)

I think we were so happy to develop all this criticism, because we were so sure of the authority of science. And that the authority of science would be shared because there was a common world. […] We didn’t even need to articulate this notion of a shared world, because it was self-evident. […] Now we have people who no longer share the idea that there is a common world. And this changes everything, of course¹.

(Latour 2018)

The eternal question of disciplines and professions for which it is difficult to separate the context of discovery and the context of justification.

(Lénel 2014)

1.1. Introduction

With the atomic bomb, after Oppenheimer, the academic world questioned the responsibility of researchers and engineers for technological innovations. It is always difficult to distinguish between right and wrong… but, for example, when we know that 24% of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States are directly linked to the industrial sector, it seems worthwhile to examine how science can help reduce this rate (Everett 2022). In elongating this need for responsibility, Grundwald (2014) points out that questions of technology assessment today extend as far as its future consequences and the need ...