Photograph of Travis Kalanick speaking at a conference in Germany in 2015.

Travis Kalanick speaking at a conference in Germany in 2015. His entrepreneurially aggressive company, Uber, expanded rapidly in the startup‐friendly United States, but faced heavy opposition in countries that favored incumbents.

Source: Dan Taylor/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY‐SA 4.0

Photograph shows an early A&P supermarket opening in New York City in 1939.

An early A&P supermarket opening in New York City in 1939. Small grocers tried to stop the innovator with government action, but consumers loved the low prices. Only competition from later supermarkets brought it down.

Source: Courtesy Everett Collection/Everett Collection/Adobe Stock

Photograph of Jurist Edward Coke.

Jurist Edward Coke made breakthrough milestones for the right to compete in early 17thcentury England despite being enmeshed in monarchical politics.

Source: Mary Evans Library/Adobe Stock

Photograph of the Baron de Montesquieu.

The Baron de Montesquieu, in mid‐18th century France, was the first major thinker to see businesspeople as distinct agents of progress.

Source: Achille Devéria/Wikimedia Commons

Photograph of Benjamin Franklin.

For all its openness, colonial America ...

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