The Role of a CameraWhat Is a Camera?How a Camera Imaging System WorksDigital CamerasDigital ObservationsImage Sensors: CCD and CMOSColor Filter Array: Bayer Filter MosaicPixelsImage ResolutionPPI: Pixels per Square Inch and Digital Camera ResolutionDPI: Dots per Square Inch and Printer ResolutionThe Differences between PPI and DPIVisual Acuity and 300 DPITypes of CamerasCompact Digital CamerasDigital Single-Lens Reflex CamerasSingle-Lens Translucent CamerasOther Camera TypesChoosing a CameraCamera File FormatsImage Compression Algorithms: Lossless and LossyMajor Image File FormatsJPEGTIFFRAW and Post-ProcessingDNGOpening FilesThe Lens System and ExposureApertureAperture/F-Stop Control/Shutter Control/Exposure ModesDepth of FieldLens Focal LengthWhat Focal Length EstablishesThe Focal Length Rule35mm Film Camera EquivalenciesAngle of ViewCalculating Lens Equivalency for Digital SensorsFocusing the ImageAutofocus ModesTypes of LensesZoom LensesNormal LensWide-Angle LensTelephoto LensSpecial-Use LensesShutterShutter Speed ControlShutter LagCamera MovementShutter ModesDetermining ExposureDigital Camera FeaturesResolutionMonitorMonitor Playback Mode and HistogramMetadata/EXIFOptical and Digital ZoomDigital ISO/SensitivityDigital Aberrations: Noise, Banding, Blooming, and SpotsWhite BalanceMetering ModesAspect ModesColor ModesImage Enhancement or Scene ModesSpecial Effect ModesMotion Picture ModeSharpening ModeGuide or Help ModeNoise ReductionImage StabilizationFlashMemory BufferRemovable Camera Memory StorageFirmwareSoftware: You Press the Button and the Camera Does the RestBatteryBattery ChoicesBattery Care in Cold ConditionsCamera, Lens, Monitor, and Sensor CareProtection against the ElementsScannersFlatbed and Film ScannersDrum ScannersScanning GuidelinesScanning StepsFrame GrabberEffects on Photojournalists and Event PhotographersStoring Digital ImagesStorage Media for Final Image FilesCompact Disc (CD) and Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)Mechanical StorageInternal Hard Disk DrivesExternal Hard Disk DrivesSolid-State Storage: Hard Drives, USB Drives, Jump Drives, and Flash Memory MediaImage TransferLiving Photography: Authorship, Access, and the World’s Largest Picture Book