60 ◾ Logics of Legitimacy
culture, whereby all claims to authority are held in suspicion. Indeed, the challenge
to authority has manifested itself in all social spheres at least since the civil rights
movement: “the family, the university, business, public and private associations,
politics, the governmental bureaucracy, and the military services … authority based
on hierarchy, expertise, and wealth all, obviously, ran counter to the democratic and
egalitarian temper of the times, and during the 1960s, all three came under heavy
attack” (Crozier, Huntington, and Watanuki 1975, 75). In short, we no longer have
agreement on the locus or source of legitimacy—who should hold the power?
In response to this crisis, it could be said that all theorie ...