Mutual Critiques among Traditions ◾ 189
Collaborative approach to responsiveness is addressed through coproductive pro-
cesses that both formulate and implement public policy. Mutual responsiveness is
ensured through communicative ethics. Although either approach is very dicult
to refute philosophically, from the perspective of the Discretionary Tradition, both
the Constitutional and Collaborative Traditions are inecient and ineective.
In terms of the former, political control via organizational hierarchy in the
Constitutional Tradition is ineective (see “Elected Ocials Fail to Represent or
Control”) and creates ineciencies due to bureaucratic red tape and technicism.
e euphemism of red tape is based on the observation that the ...