LTE Advanced Pro

Introduction

The era of cellular and digital telecommunications began in the 1990s with second-generation (2G) mobile networks, based on time-division multiple access (TDMA).

In the 2000s, third-generation (3G) networks were developed on the principle of wideband code-division multiple access (WCDMA). Although the third generation has dominated the market thanks to the increase in data throughput, it has never completely replaced the second generation.

The early 2010s saw the start of fourth-generation (4G) networks using orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) for the downlink and single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA) for the uplink.

The development of 4G networks followed three steps identified by the releases of 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) standard:

• – releases 8 and 9 are the basis of LTE (Long-Term Evolution) standard;
• – releases 10, 11 and 12 are the basis of LTE Advanced standard;
• – releases 13 and 14 are the basis of LTE Advanced Pro standard.

The 3GPP standardization body specified service models corresponding to specific use cases and requirements:

• – MBB (Mobile Broadband) service corresponds to applications and services that require faster connection, which make it possible, for example, to watch videos in ultra-high definition or use virtual or augmented reality applications;

• – LLC (Low Latency Communication) service groups together all the applications requiring extremely high reactivity as well as reliability ...