Management Research Methodology: Integration of Principles, Methods and Techniques

Get full access to Management Research Methodology: Integration of Principles, Methods and Techniques and 60K+ other titles, with a free 10-day trial of O'Reilly.

There are also live events, courses curated by job role, and more.

Start your free trial

APPENDIX C

Formulae for Hypothesis Testing

Large sample statistical test
θ may equal µ p, (µ₁ – µ₂), or (p₁ – p₂)

H_o : θ = θ_o

H_a : θ > θ_o or H_a : θ < θ_o

(One-tailed test)

H_a : θ ≠ θ_o

(Two-tailed test)

Reject H_o if Z > Z_α or if Z < – Z_α

(One-tailed test)

Reject H_o if Z > Z_a/2 or if Z < –Z_a/2

(Two-tailed test)
Small-sample test for a population mean

H_o : µ = µ_o

H_a : µ > µ_o or µ < µ_o

Reject H_o if t > t_α or if t < –t_α

(One-tailed test)

Reject H_o if t > t_α/2 or if t < –t_α/2

(Two-tailed test)
Small-sample ...

Get Management Research Methodology: Integration of Principles, Methods and Techniques now with the O’Reilly learning platform.

O’Reilly members experience books, live events, courses curated by job role, and more from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top publishers.

Start your free trial

Don’t leave empty-handed

Get Mark Richards’s Software Architecture Patterns ebook to better understand how to design components—and how they should interact.

It’s yours, free.

Get it now

Check it out now on O’Reilly

Dive in for free with a 10-day trial of the O’Reilly learning platform—then explore all the other resources our members count on to build skills and solve problems every day.

Start your free trial Become a member now

	H_o : θ = θ_o
	H_a : θ > θ_o or H_a : θ < θ_o	(One-tailed test)
	H_a : θ ≠ θ_o	(Two-tailed test)

Reject H_o if Z > Z_α or if Z < – Z_α	(One-tailed test)
Reject H_o if Z > Z_a/2 or if Z < –Z_a/2	(Two-tailed test)

Reject H_o if t > t_α or if t < –t_α	(One-tailed test)
Reject H_o if t > t_α/2 or if t < –t_α/2	(Two-tailed test)

	H_o : µ = µ_o
	H_a : µ > µ_o or µ < µ_o