4 Capabilities building through the exploitation and exploration approach
4.1 Exploitation and exploration
In general, paradoxes within a company are observed at all levels of the organization, and various paradoxes are inherent not only in the company as a whole but also in a company’s business units, divisions, teams, and other areas such as between companies. Examples include the paradox of management
(Thompson, 1967), which refers to resilience and certainty, the paradox of organizational culture
(Pascale, 1985), which refers to autonomy and socialization of organizational members, and the paradox of strategy
(Mintzberg, 1987), which refers to deliberate strategy
and emergent strategy
. If such paradoxes are ...
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