Managing Development in a Globalized World

Chapter 11Citizen Participation and Empowerment

We ourselves feel that what we are doing is just a drop in the ocean. But the ocean would be less because of that missing drop.

Mother Teresa

Relevance, Rationale, and Context

Traditional approaches to development favored a top—down approach. Needs and objectives for development were to be determined by the state and its key actors at the highest level. Ideas for resolving problems and achieving development were transmitted from the top to the local levels through a hierarchy of governmental machinery. ...