Introduction

Once every century a singular event transforms the American workforce. In the nineteenth century, industrialization gave rise to the cities becoming the nation’s economic engines, resulting in waves of migration from the countryside into urban centers. Farmers became factory workers, and in the process, America’s rural character became an urban one. The social and cultural consequences of this transformation gave rise to new sociological and cultural forces: “bourgeoisie” and “proletariat” entered academia, and the benign egalitarianism of a rural existence was replaced by the more defined distinctions between social class and economic income. It was in cities where the consumption of the “haves” became more conspicuous to the “have-nots,” ...

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