3.8. ETHOS OF A SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY
Commenting on the normative structure of science, Robert Merton (1973, p. 270) stated, "the institutional goal of science is the extension of certified knowledge. The technical methods employed towards this end provide the relevant definition of knowledge: empirically confirmed and logically consistent statements of regularities." He further stated that the ethos of modern science includes universalism, communalism, disinterestedness, and organized skepticism (Merton, 1973, p. 270).
3.8.1. Universalism
This expression suggests that scientific discoveries, whatever their source, are subjected to preestablished impersonal criteria. The truth and scientific value of a scientific discovery is independent of ...
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