book

Manual of Photography, 9th Edition

by Ralph Jacobson, Sidney Ray, Geoffrey G Attridge, Norman Axford

August 2000

Beginner

464 pages

23h 42m

English

Focal Press

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The production of imagesPhotographic and digital imagingGeneral characteristics of reproduction systemsImaging chainsThe reproduction of tone and colourImage quality expectations
Light waves and particlesOpticsThe electromagnetic spectrumThe eye and vision
Characteristics of light sourcesLight outputDaylightTungsten-filament lampsTungsten-halogen lampsFluorescent lampsMetal-halide lampsPulsed xenon lampsExpendable flashbulbsElectronic flashOther sources

Interaction of light with matterImage formationThe simple lensImage formation by a compound lensGraphical construction of imagesThe lens conjugate equationField angle of viewCovering power of a lensGeometric distortionDepth of fieldDepth of field equationsDepth of focusPerspective
Stops and pupilsApertureMechanical vignettingImage illuminationImage illuminance with wide-angle lensesExposure compensation for close-up photographyLight losses and lens transmissionFlare and its effectsT-numbersAnti-reflection coatings
IntroductionAxial chromatic aberrationLateral chromatic aberrationSpherical aberrationComaCurvature of fieldAstigmatismCurvilinear distortionDiffractionResolution and resolving powerModulation transfer function
Simple lensesCompound lensesDevelopment of the photographic lensModern camera lensesWide-angle lensesLong-focus lensesZoom and varifocal lensesMacro lensesTeleconvertersOptical attachmentsSpecial effects
Survey of developmentCamera typesSpecial purpose camerasAutomatic camerasDigital camerasArchitecture of the digital camera
Shutter systemsThe iris diaphragmViewfinder systemsFlash synchronizationFocusing systemsAutofocus systemsExposure metering systemsBattery powerData imprinting
IntroductionTranslational movementsRotational movementsLens covering powerControl of image sharpnessLimits to lens tiltControl of image shapePerspective control lensesShift cameras
Optical filtersFilter sizesFilters and focusingColour filters for black-and-white photographyColour filters for colour photographySpecial filtersPolarizing filtersFilters for darkroom use
Latent image formation in silver halidesImage formation by charge-coupled devicesProduction of light-sensitive materials and sensorsSizes and formats of photographic and electronic sensors and media
Response of photographic materials to short-wave radiationResponse of photographic materials to visible radiationSpectral sensitizationOrthochromatic materialsPanchromatic materialsExtended sensitivity materialsInfrared materialsOther uses of dye sensitizationDetermination of the colour sensitivity of an unknown materialWedge spectrogramsSpectral sensitivity of digital cameras
Colour matchingThe first colour photographAdditive colour photographySubtractive colour photographyAdditive processesSubtractive processesIntegral tripacks
The subjectExposureDensityEffect of light scatter in a negativeCallier coefficientDensity in practiceThe characteristic (H and D) curveMain regions of the negative characteristic curveVariation of the characteristic curve with the materialVariation of the characteristic curve with developmentGamma-time curveVariation of gamma with wavelengthPlacing of the subject on the characteristic curveAverage gradient and GContrast indexEffect of variation in development on the negativeEffect of variation in exposure on the negativeExposure latitudeThe response curve of a photographic paperMaximum blackExposure range of a paperVariation of the print curve with the type of emulsionVariation of the print curve with developmentRequirements in a printPaper contrastThe problem of the subject of high contrastTone reproductionReciprocity law failureSensitometric practiceSensitometersDensitometersElementary sensitometrySensitometry of a digital camera
Colours of the rainbowColours of natural objectsEffect of the light source on the appearance of coloursResponse of the eye to coloursPrimary and complementary coloursComplementary pairs of coloursLow light levelsBlack-and-white processesColour processesFormation of subtractive image dyesColour sensitometryImperfections of colour processesCorrection of deficiencies of the subtractive systemMasking of colour materialsProblems of duplicationThe chemistry of colour image formationChromogenic processesSilver-dye-bleach processInstant colour processesAlternative method for instant photography
Developers and developmentDeveloping agentsPreservativesAlkalisRestrainers (anti-foggants)Miscellaneous additions to developersSuperadditivity (synergesis)Monochrome developer formulae in general useChanges in a developer with useReplenishmentPreparing developersTechniques of developmentObtaining the required degree of developmentQuality controlProcessing following developmentRinse and stop bathsFixersSilver recoveryBleaching of silver imagesWashingTests for permanenceDrying
Speed of photographic mediaMethods of expressing speedSpeed systems and standardsISO speed ratings for colour materialsSpeed of digital systemsSpeed ratings in practice
Camera exposureOptimum exposure criteriaExposure latitudeSubject luminance ratioDevelopment variationsExposure determinationPractical exposure testsLight measurementExposure meter calibrationExposure valuesIncident light measurementsExposure meters in practicePhotometry unitsSpot metersIn-camera metering systemsElectronic flash exposure meteringAutomatic electronic flash
Hard copy outputPhotographic papersType of silver halide emulsionPaper contrastPaper surfacePaper baseColour photographic papersProcessing photographic paperPictrography and PictrostatDry Silver materialsCylithographic materials/CycolorThermal imaging materialsMaterials for ink-jet printing
Photographic printing and enlargingTypes of enlargersLight sources for enlarging and printingLenses for enlargersAncillary equipmentExposure determinationConventional image manipulationColour printingColour enlarger designTypes of colour enlargerMethods of evaluating colour negatives for printingDigital outputEvaluating the results
Life expectancy of photographic mediaProcessing conditionsStorage conditionsAtmospheric gasesToningLight fadingLife expectancy of digital media
Specification by sampleThe physical specification of colourSpecification of colour by synthesisColour gamutsSumming up
Sinusoidal wavesImages and sine wavesImaging sinusoidal patternsFourier theory of image formationMeasuring modulation transfer functions (MTF)Discrete transforms and samplingThe MTF for a CCD imaging arrayImage quality and MTF
Image noisePhotographic noiseQuantifying image noisePractical considerations for the autocorrelation function and the noise power spectrumSignal-to-noise ratioDetective quantum efficiency (DQE)Information theory
Linear spatial filtering (convolution)Frequency domain filteringNon-linear filteringStatistical operations (point, grey-level operations)Image restorationEdge detection and segmentationImage data compression