
31-1
Electronic circuits consist of numerous elements that can be lumped, distributed, or a combination of
bo
th
. e co
mponents
ar
e
re
garded
as lu
mped
if th
eir
si
ze
is mu
ch
sm
aller
th
an
th
e
sig
nal
wa
velength
.
i
s
co
ndition
ho
lds
fo
r
re
sistors,
in
ductors,
ca
pacitors,
tr
ansformers,
di
odes,
tr
ansistors,
or si
milar
de
vices
op
erating
in pr
inted
ci
rcuits
at fr
equencies
up to a fe
w
hu
ndred
me
gahertz
or ev
en
hig
her
in
sm
all
in
tegrated
ci
rcuits
. In th
e
mi
crowave
or mi
llimeter-wave
re
gion,
th
e
el
ements
an
d
th
eir
co
nnect-
ing transmission lines must be considered as distributed. While in lumped circuits a change of voltage or
current at one single point im ...