
33-1
is chapter describes the principal sources of electric noise and discusses methods for the
measurement of noise. e notations for voltages and currents correspond to the following conven-
tions: dc quantities are indicated by an uppercase letter with uppercase subscripts, for example,
V
BE
. Instantaneous small-signal ac quantities are indicated by a lowercase letter with lowercase sub-
scripts, for example, v
n
. e mean-square value of a variable is denoted by a bar over the square
33
Noise Measurement
33.1 ermal Noise .................................................................................33-2
33
.2 Spe
ctral
D
ensity