
2-1
2.1 Introduction
Nowadays, with the rapid development of bioengineering, implantable medical devices are being widely
em
ployed
in tr
eating
hu
man
ai
lments
. e
se
de
vices,
wh
ich
ar
e
im
plantable
in th
e
hu
man
bo
dy,
in
clude
pa
cemakers,
sm
art
pr
ostheses,
dr
ug
pu
mps,
co
chlear
im
plants,
im
plantable
de
brillators,
ne
urostimu-
lators,
bl
adder
st
imulators,
ne
rve
st
imulators,
an
d
di
aphragm
st
imulators
. e
y
pe
rform
a re
al-time
co
ntrol
a
nd/or
m
onitoring
o
f
s
everal
p
hysiological
p
arameters
.
Over 6 million heart patients worldwide have implanted pacemakers and about 150,000 pacemakers
are being surgically implanted every year in the United States alone (W ...