
10-1
Nowadays, photovoltaic (PV) panels and thermoelectric generators (TEGs) constitute the most
im
portant
di
rect
cu
rrent
(d
c)
en
ergy
tr
ansducers
th
at
ca
n
be us
ed
to ha
rvest
en
ergy
fr
om
th
e
en
viron-
ment
an
d
po
wer
an au
tonomous
se
nsor
no
de
. e
y
ge
nerate
a di
rect
cu
rrent
an
d
vo
ltage
fo
r
co
nstant
op
erating
co
nditions
. A cu
rrent–voltage
(I–
V)
cu
rve
is de
ned
fo
r
ea
ch
op
erating
co
ndition
in wh
ich
an op
timum
bi
as
po
int
ex
ists
wh
ere
ma
ximum
po
wer
is ac
hieved
. e vo
ltage
at th
e
ma
ximum
po
wer
po
int
(V
MPP
) depends on the operating conditions and it changes as these conditions vary with time.
Se
veral
en
ergy
co
nditioners
ha
ve
be
en
pr
oposed
an
d
co