Chapter twenty two
Closed-loop controllers
Objectives
The objectives of this chapter are that, after studying it, the reader should be able to:
- Explain the term steady-state error.
- Explain the operation of the two-step mode of control.
- Predict the behaviour of systems with proportional, integral, derivative, proportional plus integral, proportional plus derivative and PID control.
- Describe how digital controllers operate.
- Explain how controllers can be tuned.
22.1 Control processes
Open-loop control (see Section 1.5.2) is often just a switch-on–switch-off form of control, e.g. an electric fire is either switched on or off to heat a room and obtain the required temperature. In open-loop systems the controller sends a command through possibly ...
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