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Preface
For a long time, the nite element method (FEM) has been a standard tool
for numerically solving a wide range of engineering problems. Today’s real-
world problems are becoming so highly complex that FEM alone is inad-
equate to solve them. Some of the limitations are listed below.
• It is not easy for FEM to generate a good quality mesh that should
be correct according to the geometry and the specic requirements
of a physical phenomenon. This problem will become more serious
when we solve large deformation problems such as crack propagation,
astrophysics phenomena, and extrusion.
• It is difcult for FEM to treat discontinuities properly ...