
Engineering applications 345
5
5
(b)(a)
(d)(c)
4
4
3
3
2
2
y
x
z
y
x
z
y
x
z
y
x
z
y
x
z
y
x
z
1
1
C
1
(mM)
f
y (mm)
x (mm)
0
0
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
y (m
x (mm)
0
0
5
4
4
3
2
2
1
y (mm)
x (mm)
0
0
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
y (mm)
x (mm)
x (mm)
0
5
4
3
2
1
y (mm)
0
0
10
10.05
10.1
10.15
Solution
domain
Solution
domain
Solution
domain
Solution
domain
Solution
domain
10.2
C
2
(mM)
C
3
(mM)
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
x (mm)
5
4
3
2
1
0
y (mm)
0
1
2
3
4
5
1.005
1.01
1.015
11
10.95
10.85
0.4
0
–0.5
–1
–2
–3
–2.5
–1.5
0.35
0.25
0.15
0.05
Cumulative Mobile Ions Concn. (mM)
0
0.1
0.3
0.2
10.9
1.02
0.35
0.25
0.15
0.05
0
0.3
0.2
0.1
Initial fixed-charge concentration
Initial fixed-charge concentrations
Initial fixed-charge concentration
0.5 mM
Background surface
Background surface
Background surface
1.05 mM
1.5 mM
0.5 ...