1.1 Introduction1.2 The multiple roots of culture1.2.1 Culture as a metaphor1.2.2 Culture as a national expression1.3 The culture of organizations1.4 The structure of organizational culture1.4.1 Artifacts: visible organizational structures and processes1.4.2 Espoused beliefs: underlying philosophies and justifications1.4.3 Deeper assumptions and values1.5 Enacted values and organizational climate1.6 Organizational culture and leadership1.6.1 Founders1.6.2 Perpetuating organizational culture1.6.3 When organizational culture needs to change1.6.4 Change interventions in organizational culture1.7 Conclusion