book

Microwave and Radio-Frequency Technologies in Agriculture

by Graham Brodie, Mohan V. Jacob, Peter Farrell

February 2016

Intermediate to advanced

369 pages

10h 9m

English

De Gruyter Open

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References
2.1 Machines2.2 Early Innovations in Agriculture2.3 Transportation Technologies2.4 The Tractor2.5 The Green Revolution2.6 High Resolution Production Systems2.7 Spatial Data2.8 Temporal Data2.9 ConclusionsReferences
3.1 Heating Applications3.1.1 Crop Drying3.1.2 Quarantine3.1.3 Effect of Microwave Heating on Seeds and Plants3.1.4 Microwave Treatment of Animal Fodder3.1.5 Microwave Assisted Extraction3.1.6 Microwave Assisted Pyrolysis and Bio-fuel Extraction3.2 Sensor Applications3.2.1 Assessment of Wood3.2.2 Radar Systems3.3 Communication Systems3.4 ConclusionReferences
4.1 Electric and Magnetic Field Vectors4.2 Maxwell’s Equations for Electro-magnetism4.3 Magnetic Vector Potential4.4 Continuity4.5 Conservation of Electromagnetic Energy4.6 Boundary Conditions4.7 Wave Impedance4.8 Reflection and Transmission at an Interface4.9 Electromagnetic Behaviour of Materials4.10 ConclusionsReferences

References
6.1 Dielectric Properties6.2 Polarization6.2.1 DIPOLAR POLARIZATION6.2.2 IONIC POLARIZATION6.2.3 ELECTRONIC AND ATOMIC POLARIZATION6.2.4 INTERFACIAL OR SPACE CHARGE POLARIZATION6.2.5 DIELECTRIC LOSS6.2.6 RELAXATION TIME6.3 Cole-Cole diagram6.3.1 Bode’ plots and Nyquist Plots6.4 Microwave Measurement Methods6.4.1 Transmission/Reflection Line Method6.4.2 Resonant Technique6.4.3 Dielectric Resonator6.4.4 Dielectric Post Resonator6.4.5 Whispering Gallery Mode Resonator6.4.6 Open-ended co-axial probe method6.4.7 Dielectric Probe (Coaxial probe)6.4.8 Free Space Method6.4.9 Antenna6.4.10 Near-field Microwave Probe6.4.11 Reentrant Cavity6.4.12 Fabry-Perot Resonator6.5 ConclusionsReferences
7.1 Frequency Dependency of Dielectric Properties7.2 Temperature Dependence of the Dielectric Properties7.3 Density and Field Orientation Dependence of Dielectric Properties7.4 Dielectric Modelling of Organic Materials7.4.1 Modelling the Dielectric Properties of Free Water7.4.2 Modelling the Dielectric Properties of Bound Water7.4.3 Modelling the Dielectric Properties of Moist Wood7.4.4 Modelling the Dielectric Properties of Grains7.4.5 Modelling the Dielectric Properties of Soils7.4.6 Dielectric Properties of Insects7.5 ConclusionsReferences
8.1 Radar Entomology8.1.1 Antennas8.1.2 Rectangular Apertures8.1.3 Open Ended Wave-Guide8.1.4 Horn Antennas8.1.5 Circular Apertures8.1.6 Antenna Gain8.1.7 Radar Range8.1.8 Radar Cross Section8.1.9 Close Range Radar8.1.10 Motion Detection - Doppler Shift8.2 Free-Space Microwave Systems8.2.1 Decay Detection8.3 ConclusionsReferences
9.1 Free-Space Moisture Detection9.1.1 Practical Applications9.2 Microwave Emissions as a Measure of Moisture9.3 Radar Moisture MeasurementReferences
10.1 Radar Imaging10.2 Image Distortion10.3 Target Interaction and Image Appearance10.4 Airborne versus Space-borne Radar10.5 Ground Penetrating RadarReferences
11.1 Electromagnetic Induction11.1.1 EM3111.1.2 EM3411.1.3 EM3911.1.4 EM3811.2 Global Positioning System11.2.1 Principles of GPS Operation11.2.2 Step 1: Triangulating from Satellites11.2.3 Step 2: Measuring distance from a satellite11.2.4 Step 3: Getting perfect timing11.2.5 Step 4: Knowing where a satellite is in space11.2.6 Step 5: Correcting errors11.2.7 Differential GPS11.3 Geographic Information Systems11.3.1 Integration11.3.2 LimitationsReferences
References
13.1 Conductive Heat Transfer13.2 Convective Heating13.3 Radiative Heat Transfer13.4 Microwave Heating13.5 Microwave Frequency and its Influence over Microwave Heating13.6 The Influence of Material Geometry on Microwave Heating13.7 Comparative Efficiency of Convective and Microwave Heating13.8 Thermal Runaway13.9 Examples of Using Thermal Runaway to Great Advantage13.10 ConclusionNomenclatureReferences
14.1 Temperature Sensing in Electromagnetic FieldsReferences
15.1 Microwave Drying of Crop Fodder15.2 Modelling Microwave Drying15.3 Effect of Microwave Drying on Milling PropertiesReferences
16.1 Dielectric Properties of Foods16.2 Comparative Efficiency of Convective and Microwave HeatingReferences
17.1 Wave-Guides17.2 Waveguide Modes17.3 Other Wave-guide Modes17.4 Transverse Magnetic Modes17.5 Wave-guide Cut-off Conditions17.6 Wavelength in a Wave-guide17.7 Wave Impedance in a Wave-guide17.8 Power Flow along a Wave-guide Propagating in TE10 Mode17.9 Cylindrical Wave Guides17.10 Microwave Ovens17.11 Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Simulating Microwave Field 17.12 Distributions in Applicators17.12 Microwave Safety17.13 Antenna Applicators17.13.1 Analysis of a Horn Antenna17.13.2 A Uniformly Illuminated Aperture Approximation17.13.3 A Numerical Integration Approximation17.13.4 Other OptionsNomenclatureAppendix A – Derivation of Near Field from a Uniformly Illuminated Rectangular ApertureReferences
18.1 Insect Control18.2 The Background to Microwave and Radiofrequency Quarantine18.2.1 Termites as a Case Study18.3 Microbial Control18.4 ConclusionsReferences
19.1 Radio Frequency and Microwave Treatments19.2 Microwave Treatment of Plants19.3 Reinterpretation of Earlier Microwave Weed Experiments19.4 Impact of Microwave Treatment on Soil19.5 Crop Growth Response19.6 Analysis of Potential Crop Yield Response to Microwave Weed Management19.7 The Potential for Including Microwave Weed Control for Herbicide Resistance Management19.8 Conclusion19.9 NomenclatureAppendix A – Derivation of the Impact of Weed Infestation and Herbicide Control on Crop Yield ResponseReferences
20.1 Effect of Microwave Treatment on Digestibility20.2 Microstructure Changes20.3 Potential Mitigation of Methane Production20.4 Microwave Treatment of Grains20.5 Effect of Microwave Heating on Crude Protein20.6 ConclusionReferences
21.1 Applications of Microwave Modification in Wood Drying21.2 Improving Wood Impregnation21.3 Stress Relief21.4 Industrial Scale Pilot Plant21.5 Pre-treatment for Wood PulpingReferences
22.1 Solvent based Extraction of Essential Oils22.2 Solvent Free Extraction of Essential Oils22.3 Microwave Pre-treatment Followed by Conventional Extraction Techniques22.4 Application to Sugar Juice Extraction22.5 Microwave Accelerated Steam DistillationReferences
23.1 BioSolids23.2 Biosolids’ Composition and Characteristics23.3 Nutrient Value of Biosolids23.4 Current Applications of Biosolids23.5 Thermal Processing of Materials23.5.1 Combustion23.5.2 Gasification23.5.3 Anaerobic Decomposition (Torrefaction and Pyrolysis)23.6 Microwave-assisted Pyrolysis23.7 BiocharReferences
References
25.1 Sensors / Transducers25.2 Power Supply25.3 Accuracy and Its Components25.4 Transducer Output25.5 Signal Conditioning25.5.1 Noise25.5.2 Amplification25.5.3 Offset Adjustment25.6 Digital Data Acquisition25.6.1 Sample and Hold Circuits25.6.2 Aliasing25.6.3 Multiplexing25.6.4 Analogue-to-Digital Conversion25.7 Software25.8 Lightning Protection25.8.1 Some Notes on Earthing SystemsReferences
26.1 Principles of RF and Microwave Communication26.2 Principles of Wireless Communication26.3 Modulation26.4 Simplex, Half-duplex and Duplex Communication Systems26.5 Digital Communication26.6 Transmission Channels26.6.1 Transmission Lines26.6.2 Loss-Less Transmission Line26.6.3 Lossy Transmission Line26.6.4 Optic Fibre26.7 Wireless Radio ChannelsReferences
27.1 Network Configurations27.2 Open Source Platforms27.2.1 Raspberry Pi27.2.2 Arduino27.3 Mobile Telephone Networks27.4 Power Supply27.4.1 Available Solar EnergyReferences
28.1 Active, Semi-passive and Passive RFID Tags28.2 Animal Tracking Systems28.3 Environmental Sensor Applications28.4 Near Field CommunicationReferences
29.1 Heating Applications29.2 Sensor Applications29.3 Communication Systems29.4 ConclusionReferences