11Introduction
including those of LOS, tropospheres and satellites. Wireless local area
network (LAN) protocols, such as Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.11a
specications use 2.4 and 5 GHz Industrial, Scientic and Medical (ISM)
bands. Long-range wireless Internet access services (up to about 25 km) use
3.5–4.0 GHz range. The worldwide interoperability for microwave access
(WIMAX) services operate at the 3.65 GHz band. Metropolitan area net-
work protocols, such as WIMAX are based on standards such as IEEE802.16,
designed to operate between 2 and 11 GHz. Commercial implementations are
in the 2.3, 2.5, 3.5 and 5.8 GHz ranges. Mobile broadband wireless access pro-
tocols operate between 1.6 and 2.3 GHz to provide mobility ...