book

Modern Lens Design, 2nd Edition

by Warren Smith

November 2004

Intermediate to advanced

631 pages

16h 42m

English

McGraw-Hill

Read now

Unlock full access

1.1 Lens Design Books1.2 Reference Material1.3 Specifications1.4 Lens Design1.5 Lens Design Program Features1.6 About This Book
2.1 Optimization2.2 The Merit Function2.3 Local Minima2.4 The Landscape Lens2.5 Types of Merit Functions2.6 Stagnation2.7 Generalized Simulated Annealing2.8 Considerations about Variables for Optimization2.9 How to Increase the Speed or Field of a System and Avoid Ray Failure Problems2.10 Test Plate Fits, Melt Fits, Thickness Fits, and Reverse Aberration Fits2.11 Spectral Weighting2.12 How to Get Started
3.1 Lens Design Tip Sheet: Standard Improvement Techniques3.2 Glass Changes: Index and V-value3.3 Splitting Elements3.4 Separating a Cemented Doublet3.5 Compounding an Element3.6 Vignetting and Its Uses3.7 Eliminating a Weak Element—the Concentric Problem3.8 Balancing Aberrations3.9 The Symmetrical Principle3.10 Aspheric Surfaces
4.1 The Uses of a Preliminary Evaluation4.2 OPD versus Measures of Performance4.3 Geometric Blur Spot Size versus Certain Aberrations4.4 Interpreting MTF—The Modulation Transfer Function4.5 Fabrication Considerations
5.1 About the Sample Lens Designs5.2 Lens Prescriptions, Drawings, and Aberration Plots5.3 Estimating the Potential of a Redesign5.4 Scaling a Design, Its Aberrations, and Its Modulation Transfer Function5.5 Notes on the Interpretation of Ray Intercept Plots5.6 Various Evaluation Plots

6.1 The Thin Airspaced Doublet6.2 Merit Function for a Telescope Objective6.3 The Design of an f/7 Cemented Doublet Telescope Objective6.4 Spherochromatism6.5 Zonal Spherical Aberration6.6 Induced Aberrations6.7 Three-Element Objectives6.8 Secondary Spectrum (Apochromatic Systems)6.9 The Design of an f/7 Apochromatic Triplet6.10 The Diffractive Surface in Lens Design6.11 A Final Note
7.1 Eyepieces7.2 A Pair of Magnifier Designs7.3 The Simple, Classical Eyepieces7.4 Design Story of an Eyepiece for a 6 × 30 Binocular7.5 Four-Element Eyepieces7.6 Five-Element Eyepieces7.7 Very High Index Eyepiece/Magnifier7.8 Six- and Seven-Element Eyepieces
8.1 Airspaced Triplet Anastigmats8.2 Glass Choice8.3 Vertex Length and Residual Aberrations8.4 Other Design Considerations8.5 A Plastic, Aspheric Triplet Camera Lens8.6 Camera Lens Anastigmat Design “from Scratch”—The Cooke Triplet8.7 Possible Improvements to Our “Basic” Triplet8.8 The Rare Earth (Lanthanum) Glasses8.9 Aspherizing the Surfaces8.10 Increasing the Element Thickness
10.1 The Classic Tessar10.2 The Heliar/Pentac10.3 The Portrait Lens and the Enlarger Lens10.4 Other Compounded Triplets10.5 Camera Lens Anastigmat Design “from Scratch”—The Tessar and Heliar
11.1 Meniscus Components11.2 The Hypergon, Topogon, and Metrogon11.3 A Two Element Aspheric Thick Meniscus Camera Lens11.4 Protar, Dagor, and Convertible Lenses11.5 The Split Dagor11.6 The Dogmar11.7 Camera Lens Anastigmat Design “from Scratch”—The Dogmar Lens
12.1 The Basic Six-Element Version12.2 Twenty-Eight Things That Every Lens Designer Should Know About the Double-Gauss/Biotar Lens12.3 The Seven-Element Biotar—Split-Rear Crown12.4 The Seven-Element Biotar—Broken Contact Front Doublet12.5 The Seven-Element Biotar—One Compounded Outer Element12.6 The Eight-Element Biotar12.7 A “Doubled Double-Gauss” Relay
13.1 The Basic Telephoto13.2 Close-up or Macro Lenses13.3 Telephoto Designs13.4 Design of a 200-mm f/4 Telephoto for a 35-mm Camera “from Scratch”
14.1 The Reversed Telephoto Principle14.2 The Basic Retrofocus Lens14.3 Fish-Eye, or Extreme Wide-Angle Reversed Telephoto, Lenses
16.1 The Petzval Portrait Lens16.2 The Petzval Projection Lens16.3 The Petzval with a Field Flattener16.4 Very High Speed Petzval Lenses16.5 Head-up Display (HUD) Lenses, Biocular Lenses, and Head/Helmet Mounted Display (HMD) Systems
17.1 General Considerations17.2 Classical Objective Design Forms: The Aplanatic Front17.3 Flat-Field Objectives17.4 Reflecting Objectives17.5 The Microscope Objective Designs
18.1 The Good and the Bad Points of Mirrors18.2 The Classical Two-Mirror Systems18.3 Catadioptric Systems18.4 Aspheric Correctors and Schmidt Systems18.5 Confocal Paraboloids18.6 Unobscured Systems18.7 Design of a Schmidt-Cassegrain “from Scratch”
19.1 Infrared Optics19.2 IR Objective Lenses19.3 IR Telescopes19.4 Laser Beam Expanders19.5 Ultraviolet Systems19.6 Microlithographic Lenses
20.1 Zoom Lenses20.2 Zoom Lenses for Point and Shoot Cameras20.3 A 20x Video Zoom Lens20.4 A Zoom Scanner Lens20.5 A Possible Zoom Lens Design Procedure
21.1 Projection TV Lenses21.2 Macro Lenses
22.1 Monochromatic Systems22.2 Scanner Lenses22.3 Laser Disk, Focussing, and Collimator Lenses
23.1 The Tolerance Budget23.2 Additive Tolerances23.3 Establishing the Tolerance Budget
24.1 Sign Conventions, Symbols, and Definitions24.2 The Cardinal Points24.3 Image Equations24.4 Paraxial Ray Tracing (Surface by Surface)24.5 Invariants24.6 Paraxial Ray Tracing (Component by Component)24.7 Two-Component Relationships24.8 Third-Order Aberrations—Surface Contributions24.9 Third-Order Aberrations—Thin Lens Contributions: The G-Sum Equations24.10 Stop Shift Equations24.11 Third-Order Aberrations—Contributions from Aspheric Surfaces24.12 Conversion of Aberrations to Wavefront Deformation (Optical Path Difference)
pg38fn1

Content preview from Modern Lens Design, 2nd Edition

Chapter 17Microscope Objectives

17.1 General Considerations

An ordinary microscope objective has an image field with a diameter of about 20 mm; the image distance is about 160 mm. The total field of view is thus about 7° or less. The exit pupil diameter is typically about 8 mm; with the 160-mm image distance, the numerical aperture (NA) of the image cone is about 0.025. Therefore, the object-side NAis about 0.025M, where M is the magnification of the objective.

A microscope objective may be designed to be used with or without a cover plate (or cover slip) over the object. The cover glass is nominally 0.18 mm (0.16 to 0.19 mm) thick with an index of 1.523 ± 0.005 and a V-value of 56 ± 2 (close to Schott K4 or K5 glass). This thickness of glass ...