591Future Trends of Nanosensors
nanosensors, most of these functional devices and integrated systems are fab-
ricated by a top–down approach using a combination of lithography, etching,
and deposition. Microcontact printing, imprint lithography, or direct-write
dip-pen nanolithography are different nanofabrication techniques currently
being used to fabricate components with at least one of their dimensions in
a scale below 100 nm. Despite several technological and physical limitations,
the evolution of classical lithography techniques and other nonstandard pro-
cedures have been used in different forms to realize nanoscale components
with atomic precision.
As already known, the technique for these top–down approaches is com-
plicated, time-consu ...