
312 Nanosensors: Physical, Chemical, and Biological
at different angles through a “shadow mask.” The critical temperature T
C
(Ti) = 0.1–0.2 K for thin (d ≈ 40 nm) and narrow (w ≈ 0.1 μm) Ti nanobridges was
lower than the bulk value (0.4 K). These devices operated at sub-Kelvin tem-
peratures in the hot-electron regime at the temperature T < T
C
(Ti). Absorption
of radiation by electrons in the titanium island increased their effective
temperature T
e
and caused a corresponding change in resistance while the
crystal lattice remained in equilibrium with the bath. Superconducting leads
with high critical temperature severely increased ...