
163Analyses of Two Dependent Samples
between pairs of scores is equal to the frequency of negative differences
between pairs of scores. Only the direction of change from positive to nega-
tive and vice versa is of interest. On the other hand, the Wilcoxon signed
rank test is concerned not only with the signs of the differences (+or–), but
also with the sizes of the differences. The Wilcoxon signed rank test is dis-
cussed in Section 6.3.
6.3 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
The Wilcoxon signed rank (W) test shows the positive or negative direc-
tion of the difference between two scores and the relative magnitude of the
ranked difference between the s ...