Chapter 2
2.22
not manipulate variables but rather observe and com-
pare groups based on specific criteria. For example, a
research design to assess the long-term impact of an
online learning program on students’ academic per-
formance and career outcomes.
•
Placebo-Controlled
Studies:
Placebo-controlled
studies are often a part of clinical trials and medical
research. While they involve experimental elements,
they are considered non-experimental in the broader
sense of research methodology because they focus on
the effects of a treatment (placebo) without manipu-
lating variables beyond the administration of a pla-
cebo.
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