360 Nuclear Forensic Analysis
evaporates the sample via thermal heating, while the other ionizes evaporated atoms
a
nd
m
olecules
f
rom
t
he
h
ot
lament
s
urface.
I
ons
f
ormed
b
y
t
hermal
i
onization
p
os-
sess
u
niformly
l
ow
k
inetic
e
nergy
(
0.1–0.2
e
V),
a
nd
n
early
a
ll
T
IMS
e
mploys
s
ingle-
focusing,
m
agnetic-sector
m
ass
a
nalyzers
i
n
w
hich
i
ons
a
re
s
eparated
a
ccording
t
o
t
heir
r
espective
m
ass-to-charge
r
atios
i
n
a
n
e
lectromagnet.
M
odern
T
IMS
i
nstru-
ments
incorporate a combination of Faraday-cup and electron-multiplier detectors
(
as
m
any
a
s
1
2)
f
or
s
imultaneous
c
ollection
o
f
a
ll
i
sotopes
o
f
i
nterest
o
ver
a
l
arge
r
ange
o
f
i
sotope
a
bundance.
T
IMS
i
s
ca
pable
o
f
me
asuring
i
on
c
urrents
a
s
l
arge
a
s
1
0nA
a
nd
a
s
s
mall
a
s
0
.1
a
A
(
10
−10
nA), achieving a precision ...