405Source and Route Attribution
• X-ray diffraction (XRD)
•
N
eutron and x-ray radiography
•
M
etallurgical techniques
•
F
ourier-transform
i
nfrared
(
FTIR),
R
aman,
n
uclear
m
agnetic
r
esonance
(
NMR) spectroscopies
19.7 GEOLOCATION AND ROUTE ATTRIBUTION:
REAL-
WO
RL
D EX
A
M
P
L
ES
19.7.1 Pb
-IsotoPe fINgerPrINtINg
For use as a geolocation indicator, the minute quantities of Pb present in a ques-
tioned
s
ample
a
re
c
ollected
a
nd
a
nalyzed
b
y
h
igh-precision
m
ass
s
pectrometry
(
TIMS
o
r
M
C-ICPMS).
C
ontamination
a
t
s
ome
l
evel
o
f
a
ny
m
aterial
e
xposed
t
o
e
nvironmental
w
indborne
P
b
i
s
u
navoidable,
a
nd
e
ssentially
a
ny
m
aterial
m
ay
c
onsequently
b
e
s
ampled
f
or
i
ts
P
b
i
sotopic
c
omposition.
F
orensic
i
nvestigations
have measured Pb within matrices such a