The modal method (MM) is a family of mode expansion techniques for the frequency domain developed over the past three decades. These techniques were initially developed as a grating theory under the names of rigorously coupled waveguide analysis (RCWA) [1] and Fourier modal method (FMM) [2] to study diffraction of periodic structures. Subsequently, a mode expansion technique was used to analyse rotationally symmetric structures including vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) and micropillar cavities under the name eigenmode expansion technique (EET) [3]. In recent years, the method has been applied to simulate open geometries [4] without rotational or translational symmetries such as the photonic ...
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