Open Innovation Strategies

1Definition of Open Innovation and Collaborative Innovation

1.1. Definition of open and collaborative innovation

Innovation is a term defined by the Oslo Manual. This manual presents guidelines for the collection of data related to innovation. One of the goals is to be able to compare data at the international level and thus measure innovation across different contexts (OECD and Eurostat 2019). The definition of innovation in this manual is as follows:

An innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organization or external relations (OECD and Eurostat 2005).

The different models of the innovation process that have been defined in the literature have evolved through research and empirical results. The linear model was first recognized to explain how innovations move from scientific research to practitioners and firms. This model has been criticized, and the nonlinear model with different sources of innovation reported the use of different agents included in iterative feedback loops to constantly innovate (Biggs and Clay 1981). The innovation process is iterative, from discovery and invention to commercialization with several possible feedback loops and modifications. Indeed, the linear nature of innovation has for some time been superseded by the participatory nature of innovation. The different departments and services of a company ...