
STOPS, PUPILS, AND WINDOWS 103
alignment can be achieved using a simple iterative procedure, but this process is often more
difcult with a virtual pupil that lies deep inside the telescope.
4.5.3 Magnifiers and Microscopes
One of the most common tasks in optics is magnication. A single lens can provide suf-
cient magnication to observe objects that are too small to be observed by the human eye,
and modern microscopes are capable of resolving objects smaller than a wavelength of light
and observing biological processes inside cells. The history of the microscope is lled with
uncertainty and controversy. However, it is widely believed that Johannes ...