Out of all the characteristics of Type A personalities, hostility and anger are the most
“toxic” contributors to coronary heart disease for both men and women (Williams Jr 1984).
Type A managers need to be more open to feedback about themselves and try to make posi-
tive changes based on the feedback. Suggestions would include being less distrustful of others
and not doubting their motives; trying to reduce the intensity of their anger, frustration, and
rage; and learning to treat others with kindness and consideration (Williams 1989).
Hardiness and Optimism
Two other important individual di erences related to stress ...
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