which the concurrence-seeking among members becomes so dominant that it overrides any
realistic appraisal of alternative course of action. e concept emerged from Janis’s studies of
high-level policy decisions by government and business leaders. By analysing the decision-
making process leading to each action, Janis found numerous indications pointing to the
development of group norms that improved the morale at the expense of critical thinking.
One of the most common norms was the tendency to remain loyal to the group by continu-
ing to adhere to policies and decisions to which the group was ...
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