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PART I: INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES
consisted primarily of correlating personality styles with child-rearing practices. During the
1980s, researchers began to re-examine the relationship of personality and culture with new
constructs and methods, taking a more process-oriented approach and trying to understand
how individuals, social structures, and cultural beliefs in uence one another (House 1981).
In this resurgence, bidirectional models of in uence began to emerge, in which individuals’
goals, preferences, and behaviours may be seen to emanate from the social roles that they are
encouraged to enact in a given social structure; conversely