
686 Oxygen-Enhanced Combustion
oxygen atoms. Hence, they concluded that carbon atoms
already bonded to oxygen are not available for subsequent
soot-producing reactions, so this displacement results in
lower levels of species that can produce soot. The aforemen-
tioned modeling results were veried with experiments
conducted by Buchholz et al.
107,111
Specically, Buchholz et
al.
111
used a carbon-14 (14C) isotope tracing technique with
an accelerator mass spectrometry to describe the contribu-
tion of different carbon atoms of a biodiesel-like oxygen-
ate (dibutyl maleate—DBM) on engine-out PM, CO
2
, and
in-cylinder deposits. They found that the ca ...