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8.1 Introduction
Fossil fuels are commonly used to react with oxygen to
produce high-temperature combustion ue gases to heat
loads in most industrial heating processes, such as metal
heating and melting, glass melting, calcining, and coal
and rubber gasication. The hot ue gases transfer their
sensible energy to heat sinks by radiation, convection,
and conduction. Of these, radiation heat transfer, which is
dependent on the fourth power of the temperature, is dom-
inant in a high-temperature furnace (>2700°F or 1500°C).
Detailed discussions of the heat transfer between a ame
and the charge are given in Chapter 10. There are three
types of ...